A comprehensive review of the development of nano-bio adsorbents for the separation of heavy metals from wastewater

Abstract

The need for water is growing, and this has made wastewater treatment necessary. Although it requires an expensive material, the commercial adsorbent is widely utilized in the industry for the treatment of wastewater. The demand for a method that could successfully and safely remove heavy metal ions from contamination. The amount of wastewater has grown recently. The formation of low-cost substitutes that are economically feasible for the treatment of various types of wastewater has been the major goal of this review paper. Therefore, it is imperative to assess all potential sources of natural adsorbents with high-capacity adsorption at a reasonable cost. Despite financial limitations, cost-effective and efficient methods must be provided to control the wastewater treatment process. Adsorption is regularly employed because of its adaptability in both design and operation, reversibility, affordability, and favorable outcomes. However, it appears that choosing the right and environmentally sound adsorbents for heavy metal removal is becoming ever more important. This review makes an effort to give a thorough overview of various modified adsorbents, their efficiency, and nanobio composites. The nanobiomaterial has demonstrated remarkable attention for the reduction of these heavy metals from wastewater.